Linx Distributions and Peppermint-07-Boot Splash Gone Awry

  Further Comments.

Below are two discussions currently running in 
LinuxQuestions.

I am a Distribution Hopper for over 20 years with gray hair covering my vertex and decided to settle on few of my favorite distributions on merits.

Number one reason is easy to handle and configure.
Not too, heavy on RAM.
Have all the software packages.
Runs on both old (32 bit) and new (64 bit) hardware.

I prefer the PAE (just what PCLINUX did under Linux STAR until his retirement).

Why have two CD?DVDs for one ?

Laptop is not my favorite!

Reliable, stable workhorse and run at least one year without updates.

Only Debian “Fits the Bill” with distributions for all the platforms including Apple Platform.
Only caveat is one has to understand how Linux Works especially Debian and partitioning, partition table and bootable partitions including MBR.
 
Peppermint (currently version 8) is my Web Console, light weight (it is getting fatter by the minute) and can download almost all the software in Debian Store House (over 66,000).

AntiX (Mepis- Just Downloaded Version 16) my Utility Kit but Knoppix and Puppy Linux are my favorite trouble shooters.

Elementary Linux is pretty good if one is interested in audio and video play.
 
Emmabuntus now in 64 bit version is another good Linux distribution for kids as well as adults.

I am currently downloading MultiSystem (French Distribution) boot DVD (it used to be a CD few years ago)which is very useful in having several (I am not sure of windows) Linux Distributions in a USB Disk, Flash Drive or on a MicroSD chip. 

This is very useful to test a distribution without installing in your Hard Disk.

One can install MultiSystem as a software,too.

Go to Pendrive Linux Site, download the sh file and extract the utility and follow the instructions.
One need root permission to install in your Linux Distribution. 
I installed it on (PCLinux) my system breezily in about 3 minutes.
It has to be a Ubuntu based distribution and Debian does not support it.

For Debian it has its own USB creation package or Use UnetBootIn.

Not for text and writing books and Lyx (for program editors)is too advanced for a beginner.

I have found a very easy solutions.

One is to use MultiSytem software or DVD to have Multiple Linux distributions on a USB Hard drive or Flash Drive.


Other option is to install as many distributions (including Windows - Beware UEFI booting option but one can send Windows into hibernation by clever ploys) in your hard drive/s.

Have multiple operating systems (Windows for occasional Local TV watching (mostly cricket)) in Two Mega SATA (not SSD, the have low volume) disks with 4 GiB RAM extensible for 8 for Gaming.

I currently have seven (7) distributions (apart from Windows) in two hard drives and Windows forcibly sent underground (one has to be very very crafty to do this without destroying one’s hardware).
Unfortunately Windows (Developers) guys coming from India and USA has serious “Paranoid Disease Untreatable”; that is they cannot cohabit with Linux!

LinuxQuestions reproduction not edited including TYPOS!
TL;DR: I would love to know which distro made you stop distro hopping and you are happy with! May be no matter what happens i will stick with one of your preference! ;)
So, I am a serial distro hopper. Been using linux for a long time (Really Long Time) and have been distro hopping ever since. Primarily i started with ubuntu as everyone else does, then Linux mint, then Arch, then Manjaro, then Elementary, then OpenSUSE and OpenSUSE TW, and a lot i cannot even remember the names. But i am getting pretty tired.
I mean, i like UBUNTU but i don't like their 6 months release schedule (I do want fairly updated apps). I like Linux mint, but not their arrogance on holding updates back and making custom firefox and keeping same old softwares for another 2/3 years(ow, sorry, that's a core Ubuntu LTS issue, no complain here, just making some points).
I like arch, but come on, the installation is pain on the ass(Antergos? No thanks! Pretty much same thing, fails now and then) and you know, the breakage now and then is hell of an annoyance. Manjaro? A lot of controversy surrounding. I am not a fan of XFCE i guess. And community editions are not really my cup of tea. Just install Manjaro cinnamon and install couple of QT apps and see how ugly they look (Manjaro GNOME is okay though). I know, they will fix it someday.
I like fedora, but their "Restriction" is too much for a daily drive and their repo contains a lot less software. NOW, one thing i do like is openSUSE TW. And their approach, BUT the gnome updates always break extensions (and themes) without which it's quiet unusable for me and recently they dropped support for synaptic touchpads and replaced it with libinput ( The mouse movement is horrible, no way to customize mouse acceleration from GUI). I really really do like GNOME with extensions. Ow, i love it. KDE Plasma? You won't believe what i did do to like this DE and what not! I like simplicity, KDE is a mess in that sense. If you like KDE its fine, i am not judging, just a personal preference. :) So you get the problem i am facing, right? I know they all are linux, they are same at underlying structure and you can always customize it to your liking.
But, If you were a distrohopper and recently stopped, i would love to know which one made you stop distrohopping. :)
[–]krav_mark 70 points
Debian Stable. Because it is stable and secure and it just works and keeps working.
For me it is the trustworthy general purpose distribution. Am using it on everything from servers to laptops to rapberri pi's. They all are the same base just run different software.
Never really understood distrohoppers who install another distro most of the time only because they want to try some DE. You can install most DE's right on your current distro like from debians or ubuntu's repo's. Why change distro's for a different DE ? Just install the DE on the system you already use and so are familiar with.
Debian doesn't have the very latest versions maybe but it does have the most stable ones. And I need to get work done so want something versatile and reliable. Debian stable has everything I need.

Peppermint-07-Boot Splash Gone Awry

I have been trying to get my Boot Loader (of Peppermint-07) to mount more than seven operating systems in one go but Boot Splash of Peppermint could not.

Additionally its boot splash was magnified so large the icons were outside and not visible on the Desktop.

There was no way to minimize the output (Boot Splash) and on right click would show on a folder icon.

What I usually do is to reinstall the distribution, in this case Peppermint but it failed on three attempts.

Mind you the console was an old TV not a normal computer video output.

I was patient and tried installing Debian but it failed to rectify.

Then I tried Linux Light and it got it working once on first boot up but on restart went back to the Peppermint boot loader in MBR.

Then I tried 4M Linux but it could not read all the partitions in two SATA disks.

Then I tried Puppy Linux but it refused to update the boot loader.

Usually Puppy Linux does a good job.

Only one I did not try was Ubuntu (I did not have a latest distribution).

I am going to download its 64 bit version.

Then finally I tried Elementary OS and it figured out my problem and made a cute boot splash with all the distributions including Puppy (it identified it as an unknown distribution).

I made a big mistake of using CD/DVDs without Internet connection.

Usually these distributions would update the (in this case Peppermint’s faulty boot loader) packages at the end of the installation and remove old and redundant packages.

I was lazy and our Internet download speed was very slow.

"Middle Path" the viable route!

"Middle Path" the viable route!

The Knowledge and Fame tend to ruin of the fools

Dhammapda Verse 72

To ruin indeed, the fool gains knowledge and fame; they destroy the bright lot and cleave his head (that is his wisdom).

How true is this statement to the Current and Old political leaders.

Below is the cotextual nature of the beings in the universe (not only this World Order), aliens included who do visit us roughly in 5000 year cycles.

Buddhist do not fear any beings Worldly or Otherwise (Gods or Peta included).

No need to pay offer Puja to any Worldly being/s including current or future political leaders (included).

Namarupa

Abhidhamma meaning.

This compound should be understood as NAMA alone. RUPA alone and NAMARUPA together.

In the case of Arupa planes there arises only Mind, in the case of mindless planes (asanna), only matter and in the case of Kama Rupa planes both mind and matter.

The Nama are meant the three aggregates, of Vedana, Sanna and Sankhara.

5 "S" for Linux

 5 "S" for Linux
 Reproduction
For the future of Linux Community of Developers we should have a strategy in ISO style.

1. Sort.

2. Set

3, Shine or Refine

4. Standardize.5. Sustain

I looked at the the successful companies and found no Linux derivative there.

This is the failure of Linux. We do not have a Business Model to boast about.

We have a Logo and a Mascot where are they standing at present?

If you look at the list in the first 20 we have IBM, Google, Microsoft and Intel and Yahoo at 66 but no Linux.

Like Coca Cola we should be in the Number One.

The simple reason is we do not know how to market our products.

Do not merge with the big companies.

Look at Yahoo having merged it is in the 66th place whereas Microsoft is in the top 5.

Why?

1. Embrace

2. Expand

3. Extinguish or Explode

We call EXPLODE it in this country since we a firecracker happy nation (to show politicians are in the vicinity) to Explode at any moment.

We knew for over 30 years how to avoid and escape from bombs now we have to escape from (all powerful but impotent in deeds) politicians.

Unfortunately we do not know how to escape from the stranglehold they are imposing on us.

So merging with big companies or the politicians (Obama and his expensive social program) is not the way forward.

The way forward is to scrutinize the activities and put them the Acid Test of "5S".

First of all we have to SORT all the Models.

I will do it in my way but my analysis also a Primitive Model to work with.

1. SORT

Sort all the essentials (LIVE CDs, Servers, Desktops, Netbooks most importantly O.E.M.s).
Sort the Origin-Debian series, Knoppix and Live CDs series , Puppy series. Ubuntu series, Redhat. Centos Series... Mandriva series, Slackware series, Gentoo series etc.

I am almost finishing with the Live CDs with subcategories named after our ancestral mammals the Apes (Light Weight, Middle Weight, Heavy Weight type of apes and monkeys) with x-Windows to go with it.

2. SET

Set a business Model with a strong Logo for Live CDs, Desktops and Server and O.E.M.s (that will be the future netbooks).

Target is to get within the first 10 if not it is not marketable.

3. SHINE rather REFINE the most essential basics for each category worth marketing.

4. Standardize

(Linux is standard based operating system and this should not be a problem).

5. Sustainability

This is the difficult part without a strong Business Model.

This is only possible if all the Linux derivatives in each category pass a gold mark or the gold standard (for Live CD I have chosen PCLinux as the Gold Standard of usability) and move up the ladder in the 100 in each category.

That is my wishful thinking.

When I did my survey (now the time for a research) I found lot of good stuff has gone into dormancy because of lack of support like a business model would have.

To name a few are MYAH, Linux Console. ADIOS. O.L.P.S and many more.

It is a shame that the good work of dedicated developers are now in the attic instead of in the classroom or in the living room.

I have shown the way.

We must revive and take Linux out of the doldrums and develop some marketable products.

I will be willing to work with even the devil if my suggestions are taken to heart by Developers but not business crooks.

Please make some critical comments.

Monkey Magic and Shell Shock

Monkey Magic and Shell Shock
      
Beauty of the free franchise
      Is like a monkey
      With a sword in hand
      Razor sharp in the act of
      Execution

      Could be known as the
      King maker
      King pawn
      Or the king killer
      In the making

      Whether this monkey
      Is bright or not so bright
      Gets a chance
      Once in five or six years
      The act of demolition

      To the loser it’s a monkey
      To the winner the King Kong
      To me it’s a ping pong
      And I dash
      With all my might

      To the terrorist
      It’s a weapon of mass destruction
      Of its own kind
      In the guise of
      A demagogue or a demigod
      Not an act of tolerance

      Till the cows come home
      We would be playing
      This game of ping pong
      Until and unless
      The body politics become wiser
      To rid of the king and horsemen
      In their entirety

      To Ninja Turtles
      Of Sri-Lankan kind
      At the pace
      We are going through
      The shell shock of the century
      Is still in the waiting

Your Batteries can kill YOU-Safety Hazards of Batteries

Your Batteries can kill YOU!

I am a good candidate dying of Fire.

Reason I have so many gadgets in my room plugged in. 

I have had several accidents.

I lost one of my very expensive cameras due to fire couple of years ago.

There were several near misses.

Then I had 12 computers in a mini-network.

Two of them caught fire.

One my wife used one I use to download Linux.

Then one of my friends house caught fire and they had to live in pre-fabricated house few years ago.

Luckily they were fully insured.

I put my safety gear in full operation.

Dismantled all my network (old hardware) and bought two new computers with lot of fans for cooling.

One of the cooling fans busted and I could not replace it without changing the entire casing.

I do not use this computer for downloading NOW unless I am up all night.

I never use the computer during day time due to Global Warming and fire hazard.

I won't invest on air conditioning, it perpetuates more and more global warming.

My solutions.

I installed a multi media pack on my computer.

It has 8 USB ports for recharging all my gadgets (camera, cellphones, emergency battery charger, my USB multimedia player (mini), Tiny USB speaker radio) in one go.

It has all the slots for various cards from MicroSD to Media Cards for file and photo transfer to my computer.

While they are charging I would do my Internet search.

Only my headlamp (when electricity fails- thunderstorms etc) has to be plugged in straight.It got heated up today.

But I have decided to go for a battry powered headlamp.

But the best solution was to go "Digitally Zero" and say good bye to Internet riddled with scams!

Please read the reproduction below.

Reproduction

 

Safety Hazards of Batteries

Battery technology is at the heart of much of our technological revolution. One of the most prevalent rechargeable batteries in use today is the Lithium-ion battery. Cell phones, laptop computers, GPS systems, IPods, and even cars are now using Lithium-ion rechargeable battery technology. In fact, you probably have a Lithium-ion battery in your pocket or purse right now!Although Lithium-ion batteries are very common,

there are some inherent dangers when using ANY battery. Lithium cells are like any other technology –if they are abused and not used for their intended purposes, catastrophic results may occur,such as: first, second, and third degree burns, respiratory problems, fires, explosions, and even death.

Please handle the Lithium-ion batteries with care and respect.

User Safety Precautions. Short-circuiting. When the battery is not in use, you MUST disconnect the battery from the battery connector. When the battery is connected to the battery connector, do NOT leave it unattended. If the two wires with the alligator clips can touch, the battery will quickly heat up. Short-circuiting will damage the battery and generate heat that can cause burns.Do not leave the battery in the charger once it is fully charged. The battery charger will flash on and off with a red indicator light every 20 seconds when the battery is fully charged.

Disassembly: Never disassemble a battery, as the materials inside may be toxic and may damage skin and clothes. Throwing batteries into a fire or water: Disposing of a battery in fire can cause the battery to rupture. Also avoid placing batteries in water, as this may cause the battery to fail. Soldering: Never solder anything directly to a battery. This can destroy the safety features of the battery by damaging the safety vent inside the cap. Permanent connections to an energy cell may be made by spot welding solder tags to the terminals.

A soldered connection can subsequently be made to the tag.

Charging: Never charge with an unspecified charger or specified charger that has been modified. This can cause breakdown of the battery, swelling, or rupturing. Never attempt to charge a battery which has been physically damaged. Overcharging at high currents and reverse charging: Never reverse charge or overcharge with high currents (i.e. higher than rated). Doing so causes rapid gas

generation and increased gas pressure, thus causing batteries to swell or rupture.

Charging: Do not leave the battery in the charger once it is fully charged. Installation in equipment with airtight battery compartments: Always avoid designing airtight battery compartments. In some cases, gases, such as oxygen or hydrogen, may be given off. This creates the danger of the batteries bursting or rupturing in the presence of a source of ignition (sparks generated by a motor switch, etc.).

Use of batteries for other purposes: Do not use a battery in an appliance or purpose for which it was not intended. Differences in specifications can damage the battery or appliance.

Using old and new batteries together: Avoid using old and new batteries together. Also avoid mixing batteries using differing cell chemistries such as ordinary dry cell batteries, Ni-Cd, NiMH batteries or with another manufacturer's batteries. Differences in various characteristic value scan cause damage to the batteries or the product.Safety Procedures If the foil packaging on the battery does break, vent the room and leave immediately. If a fire starts, call the fire department immediately. The only extinguisher that will work on a Lithium-ion Battery fire is a Class D Fire Extinguisher or Dry Sand or Dry Table Salt.Disposal of Batteries Lithium ion batteries are found in many electronics like laptops, digital cameras, power tools and cordless phones. These batteries are very popular because they can be recharged and because of their ability to supply power for long periods of time. However, even lithium ion batteries reach a point where they can no longer hold a charge and need to be disposed of. When this time comes, it is important to know how to recycle the battery, and not simply put it in a trash can. Read the information found at the following link to determine your state’s recycling policy: There are many reasons to recycle these batteries rather than throw them away where they may end up in a regular landfill. One of which is because they enter the solid waste stream and can contaminate soil and water.Please check with your school on its policy of recycling of batteries.

Mobile Marfia

Mobile Mafia
A lot has to be done to get rid of CIA, FBI and KGB from snoozing.
American election was the case in point.
I warned about this Security Flow when Google came into existence (long before Google Phone).
Reason being it was based on Linux core without security features!

It is not the fault of Linux but the OEM infrastructure which was not time tested.

I am afraid even Linux Magazine ignored this flaw.

That is the very reason I never use (even Apple iPhone) a smartphone for mission critical work.

Only a Linux desktop like Debian has 95% (mark not 100%) security features and only 1% use Linux and from that also minority uses Debian and the majority use other derivatives of Linux not dedicated for mission critical work BUT for Fun.

Even Peppermit Linux (one I use for daily routines) has Flaws.

The latest vicim was my son's Android Game Player cum cellphone and camera (Chinese make).
I was trying to upload some Google Application's.
The end result it damaged the battery and the operating system.
It get stuck half way without booting.

 Reproduction

Over 30 different Android smartphones and tablets have been found to have had malware preinstalled on them before users even switched them on, according to a cyber security firm.
Check Point detected a “severe infection” on 38 handsets being used by two of its corporate clients, a telecommunications firm and a multinational technology company that have not been named.
The issue affects smartphones from a number of big-name brands, including Samsung, LG and Google. Those named by Check Point are:

• Samsung Galaxy Note 2
• LG G4
• Samsung Galaxy S7
• Samsung Galaxy S4
• Samsung Galaxy Note 4
• Samsung Galaxy Note 5
• Samsung Galaxy Note 8
• Xiaomi Mi 4i
• Galaxy A5
• ZTE x500
• Samsung Galaxy Note 3
• Samsung Galaxy Note Edge
• Samsung Galaxy Tab S2
• Samsung Galaxy Tab 2
• Oppo N3
• Vivo X6 plus
• Nexus 5
• Nexus 5X
• Asus Zenfone 2
• Lenovo S90
• Oppo R7 plus
• Xiaomi Redmi
• Lenovo A850

It must be made clear, however, that not all models of the devices named above are affected.
“According to the findings, the malware were already present on the devices even before the users received them,” reads the Check Point blog post announcing the discovery.

“The malicious apps were not part of the official ROM supplied by the vendor, and were added somewhere along the supply chain.”
Most of the malware discovered by Check Point were info-stealers, but one of the phones had been pre-loaded with ransomware called Slocker.
Ransomware allows a hackers to lock a user out of their device, only restoring proper functionality in exchange for money.
“Pre-installed malware compromise the security even of the most careful users,” continues the report. “In addition, a user who receives a device already containing malware will not be able to notice any change in the device’s activity which often occur once a malware is installed.”
However, users can protect themselves by downloading and running a malware scanner as soon as they first fire up their new device.
WikiLeaks’ recent Vault 7 data dump raised serious alarm bells in the technology community, with allegations that the CIA and MI5 developed techniques for hacking into phones, TVs and computers.

The agency hasn't commented on the documents, but a number of major technology firms have detailed ways for users to stay safe online.

Moles within and without, Perils of Dhamma?

 Moles within and without?

Perils of Dhamma.

This is an email to one of my old friends.

The BPS engineered "The Great Revival' in 2003" and had an audience with Chandrika.

She was supporting and non-interfering.

Then, MR hijacked (after the demise of Soma thera and Madihe Pannnhasha) the revival for political ends.

There was a BPS News Letter (? six monthly).

We had a Dhamma discussion spearheaded by Bikkhu Bodhi.

All these seem to be defunct now.

Why?

Time to revisit these issues.

Dhammapada was on the bottom shelf not accessible (not visible, too) at Sarasavi Bookshop.

It had book denouncing Rebirth and Kamma (one guy by the name of Athukorala).

Sumudura bookshop was promoting one Type of Dhammapada and No Narada Edition.

Vijitha Yapa I did not check. Just as well, NOW I can confirm it does not have any.

As I told you, I won't get involved in any mundane activities from now onwards.

Just today, in local English Daily there were two or three blatant distortion of Pali terms and rendering of Meditation for private or multinational gain.

Rev. Bikkhu Bodhi saw all these changes and Titled a leaflet "We are at crossroads" and disappeared to USA.

There are moles placed inside our institutions to destroy from within (coveted intention and tasks).

Killing Pali by Keelas

Killing Pali by Keelas

Below is a Paper cutting from an English Daily in Ceylon

Keela, Jeela and Eela by Scholars

"nithya, Dukkha, Anathma" He developed the method called "rya Astangika Marga"consisting of "eela, Samadi, Pragna" not just meditation only. Moral behavior or "eela"was an essential prerequisite for the next stage, "amadi"in which intense concentration and training of the mind, which had been prepared by the process of "eela" would be undertaken. There are no shortcuts in this method. The final goal is "ragna"which

Celebrating Four Years Without a Rice Meal

Celebrating Four Years Without a Rice Meal

I just celebrated 4 years without rice.

Incidentally, it coincided with our dog’s 14^th Birth Day.

Reason was not arsenic in rice.

I was reacting to some chemical contaminant for over 8 years without knowing it.

It was finally discovered by dropping each item in my diet.

Even milk rice off limits.

Be that it may, pesticide, fertilizer, rice preservative or alien dust is immatrial.

That was the best health initiative or insurance I can vouch for.

My work output was better (as compared to rice eating days) without late evening dumping syndrome.

I am trim (cut down the excess fat)!

I started enjoying alternative food items including Indian delicacies.

Chocolate was energy replacement often with liqueur or wine.

Fortunately, I did not react to string hoppers.

Please do not share this idea since an average Sri-Lankan might think I am gone bonkers.

Water physiology

Water physiology

Drinking water (without some electrolytes and glucose-not simple sugars) alone for me is un-physiological.

This was the basis of formulation of rehydration fluid by our (National Formulary-Headed by Professor Senaka Bible) yesteryear physicians.

I may be wrong but Pediatrician Prof. Sanath Lamabadusuriya PhD thesis in London was (somewhat) related to Rehydration Fluid.

This formula has saved millions of sick people including children.

This is not an attempt to revisit that history but to pen down water metabolism (physiology) in a few lines.

I looked at all my physiology and medical books (huge volumes) and I could not find a succinct account on water metabolism.

As a last resort I browsed the web (content reproduced below) and it was no better except the lively web discussion.

No human can (rats in the desert can live longer) survive three days without water.

There are centers in the brain that drive thirst and make somebody to crave for water if deprived of water completely.

That is also not my point of view here.

All these people who for political stunts (reasons) fast are scoundrels who cheat gullible masses and drink lot of sugary drinks and man can go on for three months of (absolute) starvation of solid food.

Let me come to the statement that drinking water alone is unphysiological.

There is only one place in the gastrointestinal tract that can absorb pure water (without electrolytes).

That is anatomically situated, not in the top end but in the bottom end.

It is the large intestine and rectum.

That is why rectal enema is saline based and never water.

In an old sick patient water enema can kill and cause water intoxication.

Water intoxication

Water intoxication can occur in a variety of different clinical settings but is generally not well recognized in the medical literature. The condition may go unrecognized in the early stages when the patient may have symptoms of confusion, disorientation, nausea, and vomiting, but also changes in mental state and psychotic symptoms. Early detection is crucial to prevent severe hyponatraemia, which can lead to seizures, coma, and death.

However, it is almost impossible to become water intoxicated by drinking water unless one is psychotic.

Many moons ago when I was working abroad I had a similar case.

The first thing I do when working abroad is, to find a difficult case generally neglected by the majority (patient is expected to die) and solve it on my own accord.

In this case very old gentleman 80 plus and supposed to have pneumonia.

Treated adequately with antibiotics but almost unconscious.

Generally old people present with confusion (not unconscious) with ill defined infection but this case had been adequately treated.

I ordered a repeat X-ray and it was all clear.

Looked at the basic biochemistry to see water intoxication (with hyponatraemia) with a saline drip running.

I asked the relatives what I should do?

They wanted their grandpa home.

I said give me two weeks and asked the nurse to take the drip down and leave the cannula.

They were hesitant but I said you have to follow my instructions.

Asked them to repeat blood chemistry twice a day and nothing by drip or mouth for two days.

In two days he woke up from slumber but still dazed.

Biochemistry marginally improved but not isotonic.

I told the nurses, he will ask for something to drink tomorrow give him a strong cup of coffee or tea and call me if he vomits.

In five days he recovered but disorientated.

I got friendly with him and the entire family and he went home in six weeks.

On the Christmas day he was admitted with broken hip.

I immediately transferred him by plane to the regional center where he had the hip replacement.

Mind you he broke his other hip within three months.

This was the only case who had bilateral hip replacement in my tenure in there.

He was doing OK when I left but he could not remember me (the family was very close to me) very well with all these medical misadventures. 

Coming to my bone of contention back; 

If one drinks large amount of water without food (it does not matter drinking water before or after a meal) one has to spend extra energy to absorb it and excrete the excess by the kidneys.

That is my bone of contention.

However, it may lower the risk of stone formation in the kidney.

All these physiological processes (water conservation or water excretion) need potential energy and we call it homeostasis.

What I am trying to say is if one is not feeling thirsty, do not drink water as a drill but always associate drinking water with food that helps digestion in many ways. 

It does not matter one drinks water soon before or soon after a meal or with the meal.

What I am against is drinking water as a drill which stresses the intestinal physiology (needs potential energy to excrete the excess of water).

Of course, if the water is retained that means there is water deficit to begin with but we cannot do that mental arithmetic ourselves but the the brain (pituitary does it automatically for us) does it for us.

Both hunger and thirst are physiological reactions to body's deficit in sugar or water.

No volition is implied here.

Little Physiology and Anatomy

The top end, the oesophagus cannot absorb anything including water.

The stomach, is the reservoir of food until partial digestion is carried out and has to secrete large amount of digestive secretions.

Upper intestine (duodenum and jejunum) also secrete large amount of digestive enzymes.

Lower intestine (about 22 feet in length -I could remember without referring) does most of the absorption including water (80%) and the digested food.

The small intestine in adults is a long and narrow tube about 7 meters (23 feet) long. The large intestine is so called because it is wide in diameter. However, it is shorter than the small intestine — only about 1.5 meters (5 feet) long.

Large intestine absorb 400 ml of water (20%).

Below is an interesting web interaction reproduced.

Water absorption occurs primarily in the
A. duodenum.
B. jejunum.
C. stomach.
D. large intestine.
E. mouth.

I thought small intestine can absorb water but Kaplan says large intestine is the right answer.
Can someone check this for me?

Yup. the small intestine absorbs sugars fats and protein.

The large intestine does the water absorption and K+ ions and B16 I think. But here are some notes I threw together from EK.

Hope it Helps.

My human physiology power power slides say it can also absorb water XD.

I don't know which one to follow.

The Large intestines main function is water absorption and electrolyte absorption. Remember that in the small intestine primarily the in the duodenum ( I forgot how to spell it) the body will absorb amino acids and sugars through the enterocytes directly into the blood stream. While the fatty acids will get absorbed into the enterocytes and then will be modified in the smooth ER where they are incorporated into chylomicrons (water soluble globules).

There really isn’t much water absorption in small intestine ... it was a question on my bio final... so I'm assuming.

A.. yes large intestine's main role is water absorption but it's only absorbing what's left over from small intestine. My whole class argued over this one.. so I remember this very well.

I'm pretty sure its the large intestine. The main function of the large intestine is to absorb the water from the material that comes in from the small intestine and make solid waste (feces).

Vitamin K and Water are absorbed within the LARGE intestine! Small intestine is primarily involved in absorption of nutrients.

Site of compaction = large intestine, so I think it's large intestine. If the small intestine was the answer..way too easy I think. 

 

Small intestine (jejunum). We JUST had a quiz on this today and that's the right answer.

Large intestine is the first answer that comes to mind.

Although my Physiology power points tell me that the small intestine reabsorbs 8500ml of water compared to 400ml in the small intestine.

Yeah, small intestine.

Note the difference between the two choices:

While most water is absorbed in the small intestine, that's not its primary function. The large intestine's primary function is water absorption, but it doesn't do the majority of that during the digestive process.

Also, if you look at the diagram, it looks as if the part where 8500 ml is being reabsorbed, it looks like that would be the jejunum.

I'm almost 100% sure that the discussion could have ended with this post.

Main function of Colon is water reabsorption, but most of water reabsorption is done in the small intestine.

Therefore its a major fuction of the large intestine.

Water ingested              2000 ml per day

Saliva                           1500 ml per day

Gastric Juice                 2000 ml per day

Bile                              500 ml per day

Pancreatic Juice           1500 ml per day

Upper Intestinal secretions 1500 ml per day

Lower intestinal absorption 8500 ml per day

Colonic absorption              400 ml per day

Feacal Excretion                 100 ml per day

Water Metabolism

Chemical reactions take place in cells. Collectively these reactions together are called metabolism, i.e. all the chemical and physical processes within a cell. The chemicals involved are called metabolites. Water is a metabolite in many reactions, either as a reactant or as a product of reaction. For example, it's involved in photosynthesis, digestion and aerobic respiration.

Metabolic water refers to water created inside a living organism through their metabolism, by oxidizing energy-containing substances in their food. Animal metabolism produces about 100 grams of water per 100 grams of fat 42 grams of water per 100 g of protein and 60 grams of water per 100 g of carbohydrate.

Some organisms, especially xerocoles, animals living in the desert, rely exclusively on metabolic water. Migratory birds must rely exclusively on metabolic water production while making non-stop flights. Humans, by contrast, obtain only about 8-10% of their water needs through metabolic water production.

In mammals, the water produced from metabolism of protein roughly equals the amount needed to excrete the urea which is a byproduct of the metabolism of protein. Birds, however, excrete uric acid and can have a net gain of water from the metabolism of protein.