The ten mysteries that I
have not yet worked out.
The greatest mystery is the origin of the first successful cell with the union of prokaryotic bacteria (mitochndria within a cell without a cellwall) and cellular DNA to form an Eukaryotic cell.
My Mysteries
1. Origin of Zero
2. Origin of Dogs from the Wild
3. Sex differentiation in cells
4. Matter and antimatter
5. Levo-rotation of molecules
6. Superconductivity at absolute zero temperature
7. Left and right orientation of brain
8. Origin of language
9. Proton spin
10 Viral flu
Please note there was no need in or recognition of religion in the list of 10 above.
Mitochondrial Genetics
Non Mendelian genetics, the law of absence of segregation
Mitochondria contain 37 genes
Copies as mini chromosomes.
Several copies of mini
chromosomes.
Maternally inherited
Paternal mitochondria selectively destroyed in early development.
Mitochondrial DNA does not cross over.
Mitochondrial DNA does not
have repair enzymes.
Mitochondrial DNA does not
mutate faster.
Free radicals in
mitochondria damages DNA.
No histone proteins.
No introns.
Many mitochondria
37 genes.
22 transfer RNAs
13 genes that encodes for proteins that functions in cellular respiration.
Mitochondrial replication
occurs with the participation of the nuclear genes
Mitochondria cannot be grown without cell infrastructure (Symbiotic becoming completely parasitic)
Some of the mitochondrial DNA has become translocated into the chromosomal DNA in evolution.
Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA is more similar to prokatotic ribosomal RNA
Strong support for symbiotic origin of mitochondria
Lynn Marguiles (who committed suicide, is in my memory -needs confirmation)
Diseases first recognized in 1962.
Mitochondria cannot be grown without cell infrastructure (Symbiotic becoming completely parasitic)
Some of the mitochondrial DNA has become translocated into the chromosomal DNA in evolution.
Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA is more similar to prokatotic ribosomal RNA
Sensitive to
streptomycin/chromphenicol antibiotics
Inhibit their functions
Strong support for symbiotic origin of mitochondria
Lynn Marguiles (who committed suicide, is in my memory -needs confirmation)
Diseases first recognized in 1962.
Mitochondrial myopathies.
Weakness fatigue,
flaccidity
Lhon Leber’s hereditary
optic neuropathy.
MELAS
Mitochondrial Myopathic
encephalopathy
Lactic Acidosis syndrome.
Ooplasmic transfer.
Heteroplasmy.
Mitochondrial replication occurs with the participation of the nuclear genes
Mitochondria cannot be grown without cell infrastructure (Symbiotic becoming completely parasitic)
Some of the mitochondrial DNA has become translocated into the chromosomal DNA in evolution.
Oxidative phosphorylation requires at least 69 polypeptides
13 = 1 cytochrome b
2 ATPases subunits
3 cytochrome c oxidases
7 subunits of NADH
dehydrogenases
Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA is more similar to prokatotic ribosomal RNA
Sensitive to
streptomycin/chromphenicol antibiotics
Inhibit their functions
Strong support for
symbiotic origin of mitochondria
Lynn Marguiles (who committed suicide, is in my memory -needs confirmation)
Exception is yeast
Yeast mitochondria are 5
times larger and have introns
These genes probably arise
from nude DNA and later captured by mitochondria
Human Genetics by Ricki
Lewis
Aging page
66 to 69
Aging begins at conception.
Age 30 seems to be the turning point of decline.
Individuals are functionally less efficient 0.8% each year
Death rate rapidly begin to increase after puberty
Log scale Gompertz plotting
Strait line from 15 to 90 years
Death rate doubles every 8 years
Fibroblast Aging
Telomere depletion
hypothesis
Iso base pair position of
the telemere cap is lost in each subsequent division
Cancer cells appear to
avoid telemere shortening
Capping done by the enzyme
telemerase
Telemerese is arrested but
the results unequivocal
Only 20 cell generations
were added.
It is strange all cells of
living beings last only 50 cell cycles.
In human 42 to 45 are
finished by puberty and we have 5 cell cycles to live after puberty.
This is universal in all
larges animals but the inter-phase between cell cycles determine the
life span of any individual.
Why this is finite is
unknown.
Wear and Tear Hypothesis
Collagen and elastic fibers
Aging cells accumulate
damage (DNA repair is defective)
Free radical damage
Non enzymatic process
called glycation
Gene Clock Hypothesis
Centerarie
Werner
Syndrome
Premature
aging plus cancer
Defect
in helicase enzyme involved in DNA repair.
Helicase
enzyme is necessary to unwind the DNA double helix whenever DNA has
to be replicated, repair or translocated.
Indy-I
am not dead yest
37
days to 70 years.
Centenarians
Single
gene implicated
Affects
1.
Insulin secretion and glucose metabolism
2.
Immune System
3.
Cell Cycle
4.
Lipid Metabolism HDL
5.
Response to stress
6.
Production of anticoagulant enzymes
In other words, the older one gets, the healthier one becomes.
This why I say, if one could pass 65 years without disease or drugs, it is hard to kill one (only by medical misadventure or Coronavirus or both).
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