Ultimate Linux GAMER new version is fabulous

It is arched based.

Age is little over 7GG.

Install file system over 38,500.

Calamara Imstaller.

Installation is fast.

WiFi is instantaneous.

File Manager is Caja nor Dolphin.

No Offive pages.

Sofware from Discover and Flaypac.

I am writing BlueStar image using Impresdion Image writer.

I had to Download Impression first.

Thank YOU to boys and girls of Ultimate Debeloper Team.

I am going to include a positive commentary on Ultimate Linux on my book Linux Essentials which in Editing Stage without a secretary.

Thank You again.

PostScript 

It is a beautiful KDE desktop.

Only BlueStar Linux rivals it.

New KDE Image did not boot on my NUC.

Debian 14 (Forky) bs Dabisn 13 (Trixie)

I have almost finished Editing my book Linux Essentials I decided to update my old laptop.

My workhouse is Intel NUC.

I listened to all YouTube presentations on hard to find RAM disk.

I do not have Kingston RAM disk and according one review it is the best but has become very expensive.

If one has multiple distributions in one's system, one cannot install Trixie on a system running Forky.

Trixie GRUB is older so it cannot update Forky. I have found a way to Update the GRUB.

I have both in my old laptop to make good what is not in the other.

Other distribution are for testing.

My Laptop has

2 of Debian Forky one for storage of Iso images with a big /home folder

Debian Trixie 

BlueStar Linux with the most beautiful KDE Desktop 

Ultimate Linux of Arch

BigLinux again KDE

It has redined the KDE Desktop but one can use only one at a time.

Commodore Linux 3.1

It is old but I have no hesitation of recommending it.

It has Synaptic Package Manager which I used to install AbiWord 

Trixie 

Does not have Stacer

But it has notepadqq.

It has two Xournal applications.

AbiWord is there

Bluefish is there

No Joplin 

Forky

Does not have AbiWord my favourite 

It has Stacer but no notepadqq

It has one Xournal application

No Joplin 

Pallegama Hemaratana and Ranil Wickramasinghe Combo

Ranil Wickramasinghe has given money through a rich woman from abroad to (bribed) this monk (Pallegama Hemaratana) to remove the original Gem and replace it with a fake. 

This tragedy is continuing with Anura using police to remove Kassapa Himi who has started a sit in program at Anuradhapura. 

This monk is supposed to dig the Temple premises for archaeological artifacts which is illegal and prohibited by law.

This monk is supposed to sponser rich woman to his bedroom.

Ranil's MCC program is to excavate and remove all artifacts to be sold privately.

This he has done when he was the PM under Maithripala. 

This is why I say he should never hold public office until 2050. He thinks archaeological artifacts are his private property. He is a crook and he has allegiance with Modi of India. Indians of course want to distort Ceylon history which is older than Baratha going back to RAVANA by removing important artifacts from Anuradhapura.

Traditionally descendants from Vehera Palu Gama clan looked after the Bo Tree. The keys were kept with them and monk before Pallegama Hemaratana illegally took possession of this key. 

Traditionaly monks were not involved in looking after the Bo Tree or Pipal Tree.

I Subcribe to the view Buddha was born here in Ceylon and he attained Buddhahood in Hiriwaduna in Ceylon. 

The Pipal or Bo tree was at Hiriwaduna. A sapling was taken from there to India and subsequently another dapling from India was brought to Anuradhapura. It is not the original Bo Tree. Hiriwaduna still has the original Pipal tree.

OpenMandrivaLX - Vanadium is out

Open Mandriva has come out with Plasma 6 version. 

It looks pretty good.

When I tested it last it did not have a Live Session. It has a Live Session now.

WiFi is OK.

Installer is Calamara and unlike Mandrake it detected my partition table.

Well all 41 partitions are occupied by my favourite distributions and I have no space to install it.

I am not a fan of KDE and in fact I hate KDE.

Hope OpenMandriva guys come out with a GNOME Edtion to entice me.

Debian is Global

Debian is Global

Debian is Free Software.

Debian is made of Free and Open Source Software and will always be 100% free.

Free for anyone to use, modify and distribute.

This is the main promise to all the users.

It is also free of cost.

Debian is stable and secure.

Debian is a Linux based operating system for a wide range of devices including laptops, desktops and servers. It provides a reasonable default configuration for every package as well as regular security updates during the packages' lifetimes.

Debian has extensive hardware support.

Most hardware is supported by the Linux kernel which means that Debian will support them as well. Proprietary drivers for hardware are available if necessary.

Debian offers a flexible Installer.

The Live CD is for everyone who wants to give Debian a try before installing it. It also includes the Calamares installer which makes it easy to install Debian from the live system. Experienced users can use the Debian installer with more options for fine tuning, including the possibility to use an automated network installation tool.

Debian provides smooth upgrades.

It is easy to keep the operating system up to date, whether one wants to upgrade to a completely new release or just update a single package.

Debian is the base for many other distributions.

Many popular Linux distributions, like Ubuntu, Knoppix, Pure OS and Tails are based on Debian.

The Debian Developer Team  provides all the tools so that everyone can extend the software packages from the Debian archive with their own packages,          if needed.

The Debian Project is a Community Project.

Everyone can be a part of the community.

One does not have to be a developer or a sysadmin. Debian has a democratic governance structure. Since all members of the Debian project have equal rights, Debian cannot be controlled by a single company. Debian developers are from more than 60 different countries, and Debian itself is translated into more than 80 languages.

The reason behind Debian’s status as a developer’s operating system is the large number of packages and software support, which are important for developers. It is highly recommended for advanced programmers and system administrators.

Linux Programming Languages

 Linux Programming Languages

1. Vi was my beginning but later went to Vim.

 

2. PHP MyAdmin was my Samba and Server friend but I do not want to touch it in my old age.         In any case, I do not have a Network in Australia.

 

3. Perl was my attraction

Being a Writer this was an attraction.

I quickly settled down on little Abiword which was only28MB when it started.

 

4. Lyx

No more Latex now but Lyx is a derivative.

 

5. Abiword

It is my favourite after Bluefish.

Is a word processor with a command line functionality.

It is now over 300MB.

It is my workhorse.

It has its own development package but very few have time for it.

Debian 12.10- - - dropped it.

It came back to Debian in 12.9--.

I would stick with it.

 

6. C

Linux is written in C and this where I started coding.

 

7. C++

I did not waste time on C++

 

9. Python

Python was the one which attracted my interest in Linux.

“Joy of Linux” was the first book I purchased.

The book had a long account on Python.

It is versatile but it is so long like an anaconda,    I gave up.

 

10. Java I really liked when it had Java phones which one could manipulate. One cannot find a Java phone now.

 

11. JavaScript I hate because it is cross platform.

 

12. Bash/Shell is unique.

I still read Linux Bible when I decide to look at a shell script for fun.

 

13.  Perl was my attraction until I settled down in Abiword.

 

14. Go of Google.

I collected its package in Ubuntu which was 1.2GB  but when it became 2.4GB, I gave it up. It has gone above that level of 2.4GB, at which level,     I stopped counting.

Go is Linux based and buggy and bulky.

 

15. Ruby

Ruby on rails was Web Development Language which I had a flash when I first developed my first Private Web Page with WordProcess.com (not .og organization which has gone commercial now) long before Google was born. I still have it and I have forgotten my password for Yahoo Mail to open it.

I got my Yahoo Mail, back.

I am going to activate it when I finish with my 5 books, that includes this book.

It is in slow progress.

Linux Essentials reached 450 pages.

It has gone above 600 pages.

I wanted to keep it as it is.

I do not want to delete any component.

It is active but one needs to go on searching for my original web site’s name.

 

16. Rust is new.

I have no knowledge except Ubuntu trying to Reinvent Linux. It is going to be a either flash in the pan or making money on the go. It was not the intention of Ubuntu Master Guru.

 

17. Swift

It is macOS which I have no interest.

 

18.  Haskell and compiz compositor is supposed to be Research Work with very little Fat in its Core.

It works on a Black Terminal.

Until it comes out with a simple graphic front,          I won’t try it.

 

19. R is the only statistical package for Linux.

It comes as Octave and is very large package.

I think it was developed in New Zealand.

Not when I was roaming in South Island.

 

20. PHP

Server side scripting language which has become plump and may become a pest and may take over your system.

21. Pascal

Structured procedural language of the 1970. It was named in honour of the17th century mathematician.

22. Fortran 1957

Formula Translation in mathematical expressions 

Optimised compiler that generated machine code.

Variables, loops and algebraic formula into CODE

23. Lisp 1958

Symbolic, recursive coding language with syntax and grammar 

24. COBOL 1959

Common Business Oriented Language 

25. Agol 1958-1960

Symbolic expressions block structured that paid the way for C and Pascal.

Simply MEPIS - My Entry into Linux

 Simply MEPIS - My Entry into Linux

Linux is over 34 years.

As of August/September 2025, Linux is 34 years old. Created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 as a personal hobby project, it was famously announced in a Usenet post on August 25, 1991, with the first version (0.01) released shortly after on September 17, 1991.

I probably entered Linux 25 years ago, a decade later, in 1999, having discarded Microsoft Windows for good, at the age 50.

Simply MEPIS 7 in 2003 was probably my proper entry into Linux Domain 4 years before PCLinux, judging by my blog entries.

Simply MEPIS (later known as MEPIS) began in 2002 when Warren Woodford established MEPIS LLC, with the first official release of the operating system launching on May 10, 2003.

Mandrake Linux 10.0 in 2004 would have been my other entry into Linux. I cannot remember which one exactly was the first. It is most likelyMEPIS due to its live CD version and easy graphic installation.            

I would not have bothered to install one on a dark terminal, especially, early in my Linux career.

Below is one of my blog entries at Google Blog spot.

What is written below was before the download of Mepis DVD.

Thanks to Guys and Girls in Mepis for sweeper (which I call a Mind Sweeper). Making me happy Mepis has introduced a package named Sweeper to clean up the system.

It is most welcome.

I had being waiting for a long time. I had been doing this cleaning manually until now even with PCLinux. This utility should be developed into Mind Sweeper for others to follow. I use PCLinux (now 2010-01) on daily basis and it does not give any problem because it has the nice habit of deleting unnecessary files in tmp on a regular basis (at boot up) and there is no clutter or clogging due to large log files. Large log files that are essential for a server and should not be used obsessively on a desktop. I of course on a regular basis look at the available memory after three or four downloads and having archived the images,              I delete the big files keeping the running distribution robust and up to date. Whereas, my wife and daughter use PCLinux-2009 on two different desktops on a regular basis.

The cardinal mistakes everybody makes is that, not running the box over 24 hours at least occasionally and to let the Cron jobs run. that do the clean up jobs on servers and desktops. I think a utility of this nature is essential for laptops. What the Linux developers should do is to send a message at random, while when the desktop is being used and asking the user whether it is safe to activate the cron jobs (name it the clean up jobs) without compromising the downloading and downloaded files still in the tmp.

Coming back to MEPIS, it is one of the best distributions in a single CD and has everything one needs and sometimes things that are missing in PCLinux.

Mepis is something one ought to have to get the fresh and Debian feel.

My objective was “Why pay for a bad commercial product?”

Linux had many free products for productivity.

 

1. Firefox for web browsing.

 

2. OpenOffice 3 for office work.

I use AbiWord for all my writings.

I changed to LibreOffice briefly which is also becoming bulky.

 

3. GIMP for photo editing.

As a Photoshop alternative.

 

4. VLC for videos and films.

 

5. Audacity and Alsa mixer for audio.

 

6. Blender for editing audio and video files.

 

7. Scribus for desktop publishing.

Ascii Doc which I have not used, is a similar application.

 

8. Besides there are lot of command line applications.

LateX was the best but it seems nobody is supporting it.

Vim

Emacs

Kile

TexWorks

TexShops

Lyx

Windows base had very little to offer.

No one is too old to learn Old Tricks.

Safety Hazards of Batteries-They can Kill YOU by Fire

 Tuesday, March 21, 2017
Your Batteries can kill YOU-Safety Hazards of Batteries

Your Batteries can kill YOU!

I am a good candidate dying of Fire.

Reason I have so many gadgets in my room plugged in. 

I have had several accidents.

I lost one of my very expensive cameras due to fire couple of years ago.

There were several near misses.

Then I had 12 computers in a mini-network.

Two of them caught fire.

One my wife used one I use to download Linux.

Then one of my friends house caught fire and they had to live in pre-fabricated house few years ago.

Luckily they were fully insured.
I put my safety gear in full operation.

Dismantled all my network (old hardware) and bought two new computers with lot of fans for cooling.

One of the cooling fans busted and I could not replace it without changing the entire casing.

I do not use this computer for downloading NOW unless I am up all night.

I never use the computer during day time due to Global Warming and fire hazard.

I won't invest on air conditioning, it perpetuates more and more global warming.

My solutions.

I installed a multi media pack on my computer.
It has 8 USB ports for recharging all my gadgets (camera, cellphones, emergency battery charger, my USB multimedia player (mini), Tiny USB speaker radio) in one go.

It has all the slots for various cards from MicroSD to Media Cards for file and photo transfer to my computer.

While they are charging I would do my Internet search.

Only my headlamp (when electricity fails- thunderstorms etc) has to be plugged in straight.It got heated up today.
But I have decided to go for a battry powered headlamp.

But the best solution was to go "Digitally Zero" and say good bye to Internet riddled with scams!

Please read the reproduction below.


Reproduction
 
Safety Hazards of Batteries

Battery technology is at the heart of much of our technological revolution. One of the most prevalent rechargeable batteries in use today is the Lithium-ion battery. Cell phones, laptop computers, GPS systems, IPods, and even cars are now using Lithium-ion rechargeable battery technology. In fact, you probably have a Lithium-ion battery in your pocket or purse right now!Although Lithium-ion batteries are very common,
there are some inherent dangers when using ANY battery. Lithium cells are like any other technology –if they are abused and not used for their intended purposes, catastrophic results may occur,such as: first, second, and third degree burns, respiratory problems, fires, explosions, and even death.
Please handle the Lithium-ion batteries with care and respect.
User Safety Precautions. Short-circuiting. When the battery is not in use, you MUST disconnect the battery from the battery connector. When the battery is connected to the battery connector, do NOT leave it unattended. If the two wires with the alligator clips can touch, the battery will quickly heat up. Short-circuiting will damage the battery and generate heat that can cause burns.Do not leave the battery in the charger once it is fully charged. The battery charger will flash on and off with a red indicator light every 20 seconds when the battery is fully charged.
Disassembly: Never disassemble a battery, as the materials inside may be toxic and may damage skin and clothes. Throwing batteries into a fire or water: Disposing of a battery in fire can cause the battery to rupture. Also avoid placing batteries in water, as this may cause the battery to fail. Soldering: Never solder anything directly to a battery. This can destroy the safety features of the battery by damaging the safety vent inside the cap. Permanent connections to an energy cell may be made by spot welding solder tags to the terminals.
A soldered connection can subsequently be made to the tag.
Charging: Never charge with an unspecified charger or specified charger that has been modified. This can cause breakdown of the battery, swelling, or rupturing. Never attempt to charge a battery which has been physically damaged. Overcharging at high currents and reverse charging: Never reverse charge or overcharge with high currents (i.e. higher than rated). Doing so causes rapid gas
generation and increased gas pressure, thus causing batteries to swell or rupture.
Charging: Do not leave the battery in the charger once it is fully charged. Installation in equipment with airtight battery compartments: Always avoid designing airtight battery compartments. In some cases, gases, such as oxygen or hydrogen, may be given off. This creates the danger of the batteries bursting or rupturing in the presence of a source of ignition (sparks generated by a motor switch, etc.).
Use of batteries for other purposes: Do not use a battery in an appliance or purpose for which it was not intended. Differences in specifications can damage the battery or appliance.
Using old and new batteries together: Avoid using old and new batteries together. Also avoid mixing batteries using differing cell chemistries such as ordinary dry cell batteries, Ni-Cd, NiMH batteries or with another manufacturer's batteries. Differences in various characteristic value scan cause damage to the batteries or the product.Safety Procedures If the foil packaging on the battery does break, vent the room and leave immediately. If a fire starts, call the fire department immediately. The only extinguisher that will work on a Lithium-ion Battery fire is a Class D Fire Extinguisher or Dry Sand or Dry Table Salt.Disposal of Batteries Lithium ion batteries are found in many electronics like laptops, digital cameras, power tools and cordless phones. These batteries are very popular because they can be recharged and because of their ability to supply power for long periods of time. However, even lithium ion batteries reach a point where they can no longer hold a charge and need to be disposed of. When this time comes, it is important to know how to recycle the battery, and not simply put it in a trash can. Read the information found at the following link to determine your state’s recycling policy: There are many reasons to recycle these batteries rather than throw them away where they may end up in a regular landfill. One of which is because they enter the solid waste stream and can contaminate soil and water.Please check with your school on its policy of recycling of batteries.

Fighting China on the Technology Front is Futile

China is fast to adapt in technology front.

BeeLine Mini PC is an example.

Huawei Trade mark and company will soon overtake Intel based Lenova.

China had a Linux operation called Dream OS but it failed but Huawei in less than 2 years has weathered the storm. 

I am not going to adopt Chinese products since I do not use a laptop but my NUC for my work. ACER laptop I bought in 2009 is gathering dust.

Besides, I use Linux and have not used Windows for over 25 years without loss of productivity due to Linux Operating System, Debian.

BeeLink Factory in China and Thanks to Chinese Boys and Girls who manufacture Mini PCs

This one year old YouTube documentary from China.

These guys in BeeLink Factory manufacture from Mini PC to Microwave to PC cases to Tower Cases to Water Coolers to Power Supply to GameBoxes.

If not for these Chinese boys and girls we have to pay an enormous amount for a PC or Mini PC.

Thank YOU.

Now, I have bare bone NUC.

I am not a gamer but an average user of PC from mid 1980s. I use to buy second hand IBM computers discarded from America and make a samba Network of 15 computers but dismantled everything since my electricity went off the roof.

My NUC uses about 8 to 30 watts and I use Linux for my work.

I saw an portable unit called Photonicat2 for under 200 dollars.

 

It is a mini PC

It is WiFi Mobile Router. It has a SIM slot for this functionality.

It is a NO camera

8 Core Processor ARM

It has SD card slot for expandable storage.

It has its own battery than works 24 hours with one charge.

Well I am waiting for a model which has a cellphone with at least mini screen.

My advice is do not buy second hand stuff and try to upgrade. Buy the original stuff from China.

Mandriva Linux

 

 

Mandriva Linux

Web site: mandriva.com/en/linux/ (not active)

Origin: France

Category: Desktop

Desktop environment:

GNOME, KDE, LXDE, Xfce

Architecture: x86, x86_64

Based on: Red Hat

Wikipedia: Mandriva Linux

Media: Live CD/DVD, Install DVD

The last version | Released: 2012 Alpha 2 | November 6, 2012

Mandriva Linux (previously:Mandrake Linux) – an independent Linux distribution, originally forked from Red Hat Linux.

The system features the most popular desktop environments, a set of pre-installed application for daily usage and its own graphical configuration utilities tool,integrated with the “Mandriva Control Center”.

Mandriva Linux uses ‘urpmi’ package manager, which allows installation of packages automatically, thereby installing all the needed dependencies,        from various media, including network/Internet, CD/DVD and local disk. Urpmi has a graphical front-end called ‘pmdrake’, which is integrated into the Mandriva Control Center.

The RPM package management system is also available in the system to perform operation on the packages.

Mandriva Linux was started in 1998 under the name of Mandrake Linux. The first release was based on Red Hat Linux 5.1, used the K Desktop Environment 1 and was released in July 1998.

In February 2005, MandrakeSoft merged with Brazil’s company called Conectiva to the new Mandriva S.A.

From May 2015Mandriva SA has been declared closed.

The last stable version of MandrivaLinux 2011 was released in August 2011.

Derivatives

MostMandriva Linux developers went to Mandrivafork calledMageia.

ROSA is a fork of Mandrivacreated in Russia by former Mandriva developers.

Open Mandriva Lx has been built on the top of ROSA as its fork.

PCLinuxOS initially was derived from Mandrake.

Unity Linux (discontinued) is a Mandriva based distribution.

Mandrake Linuxdistribution was certainly one of the fastest Linux success stories. Born from nothing in 1998,MandrakeSoft became an international company with 70 employees and it was within the top 5 major Linux distributions at that time.

Globe Trotter was one of its hardware products which failed to catch the imaginations of the users.

It was a hardware piece embedded with Linux Source. A gadget I wanted to purchase but I never could. Instead, I migrated to Mandrake KDE desktop without any hesitation. My migration to Linux from that point was solid in spite of the company going bust in between my journey to Linux.

Mandriva Linux a fusion of the French distribution Mandrake Linux and the Brazilian distribution Conectiva Linux(another discontinued Linux distribution) developed by Mandriva S.A.

Conectiva Linux

Conectiva Linux

Web site: conectiva.com.br (not active)

Origin: Brazil

Category: Desktop, Server

Desktop environment:

AfterStep, Blackbox, Fluxbox, GNOME, IceWM, KDE, Window Maker, Xfce

Architecture: x86

Based on: Independent

Wikipedia (PT): Conectiva

Media: Install, Live CD

The last version | Released: 10 | July 5, 2004

Conectiva Linux – an independent Linux distribution for the Latin American market. Conectiva Linux was forked from Red Hat Linux, based on RPM packages and used APT to update and install packages.

Conectiva was a company founded on August 28, 1995 in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, by a group of friends, mostly public employees of Banco do Brasil, together with Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo, who was a pioneer in Linux distributions and Free Software in Brazil and throughout Latin America.

The “Crystal” icons for KDE, which were designed by Conectiva employee Esveraldo Coelho, and the “apt4rpm” port for the Debian GNU / Linux package management, were developed by Conectiva. Conectiva also developed the Synaptic Graphical user interface.

Conectiva employed a.o. Rik van Riel and the kernel maintainer Marcelo Tosatti.

Conectiva also developed in the area of ​​the Linux kernel, the high availability of Linux and in the area of ​​drivers.

Also:

XFree86, network protocols, firewall, Linux clusters, performance analysis and optimisation, file and resource management.

On January 24, 2005 it was announced that the company MandrakeSoft had acquired Conectiva for 1.79 million euros. On April 7, 2005 MandrakeSoft announced the change of the company’s name to Mandriva and its distributions to the name of Mandriva Linux.

The first version of Conectiva Linux 1.0 Parolin was released October 7, 1997.

The last one version 10 released July 5, 2004.

The live ISO’s user is: default/conectiva/root without password.

Linux Evolution not Revolution

 This is copied from a French article. 

Thank you. 

I have converted it into English.

I graduate3ed from Corel to Caldera to Redhat to Mandriva  to Debian. The Coronavirus pandemic and forced incarceration was a blessing in disguise to a doctor in retirement after almost fatal myocarditis due to faulty Vaccine by Moderna Company.

This an invitation for few of the YouTube guys who have used only one Linux distribution and brag about Linux without knowing its checkered history where French creation Mandrake busted due to legal issues to its name while Germany devastated by World War II took a lead in Linux.

If you look at the list Linux started maturating seven years after the kernel was released in 1992 by Linus Torvalds. 

 

Linux Evolution not Revolution

Linux Version History

Please note that, the sha256 checksum tool is called sha256sum.

I have highlighted the Images, I could lay hand in Ceylon.

Kernel Version 2 in 1999

Linux kernel 2.0.36 / 2.2.6 / 2.2.11 / 2.2.12 / 2.2.13

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Mandrake Linux 5.3 (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.0.36 (Release 5 February 1999)

Free BSD 3.1 (CD)

sha256sum (Release 15 February 1999)

Red Hat 5.2 (CD) French Edition

sha256sum Linux 2.0.36 (Release 3 May 1999)

Slackware 4.0 install CD live CD internet archives

sha256sum Linux 2.2.6 (Release 17 may)

BeOS 4.5 (CD)

sha256sum (Release June 1999)

Mandrake Linux 6.1 Gold Pack CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6

sha256sum System requirements i586 with 32MB Memory

Linux 2.2.13 (Release 17 September 1999)

Demo Linux 1.1 for Mandrake 6.1 (CD)

Globe Trotter Device

sha256sum Linux 2.2.11 (Release 4 November 1999)

Corel Linux OS 1.0 (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.2.12 (Release 15 November 1999)

Debian 2.1 r4 CD2 source CD1 source CD2

sha256sum System requirements i386 Linux 2.0.36 (Release 15 December 1999)

2000

Linux kernel 2.2.12 / 2.2.14 / 2.2.19

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Mandrake Linux 7.0 Gold Pack CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6

sha256sum System requirements i586 with 32MB memory Linux 2.2.14 (Release 27 January 2000)

BeOS 5.0 demo (CD)

sha256sum (Release march 2000)

Red Hat 6.2 (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.2.14 (Release 3 April 2000)

Corel Linux OS 1.1 (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.2.12 (Release 11 May 2000)

Debian 2.2 r0 CD2 CD3 CD4

sha256sum System requirements:i386 Linux 2.2.19 (Release 15 august 2000)

FreeBSD 4.2 (CD) sha256sum (Release 21 November 2000)

2001

Linux kernel 2.2.19 / 2.4.2 / 2.4.3

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Red Hat 7.1 (CD)

Publisher's Edition CD-ROM

sha256sum Linux 2.4.2 (Release 16 April 2001)

Mandrake Linux 8.0 (CD)

sha256sum System requirements:i586 Linux 2.4.3 (Release 19 April 2001)

Caldera Open Linux 3.1 Workstation CD

source CD unsupported software CD solutions

showcase sha256sum Linux 2.4.2 (Release 30 May 2001)

Caldera OpenLinux 3.1 Server CD source CD

sha256sum Linux 2.4.2 (Release 30 May 2001)

Slackware 8.0 install CD2 live CD3 source CD4 extra

sha256sum Linux 2.2.19 (Release 1 July 2001)

2002

Linux kernel 2.4.18 / 2.4.19

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Solaris 8 Update 7(Solaris 8 2/02) CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6

sha256sum (Release February 2002, end of life March 2012 with Oracle Extended Support)

Mandrake Linux 9.0 Power Pack

CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.4.19 (Release 25 September 2002)

Red Hat 8.0 CD2 CD3

sha256sum Linux 2.4.18 (Release 30 September 2002)

2003

Linux kernel 2.4.19 / 2.4.20 / 2.4.21

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Slackware 9.0 CD2 CD3 CD4

sha256sum Linux 2.4.20 (Release 19 march 2003, end of life 1 august 2012)

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 ES CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 CD9

sha256sum Linux 2.4.21 (Release 22 October 2003, end of life 31 October 2010)

Fedora CD1 CD2 CD3

sha256sum Linux 2.4.19 (Release 5 November 2003, end of life 20 September 2004)

2004

Linux kernel 2.4.27 / 2.6.3 / 2.6.8 / 2.6.9

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Mandrake Linux 10.0 ExtraPack CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.3 (Release 4 March 2004)

Knoppix 3.7 (CD)

sha256sum

Linux 2.4.27 (Release 16 august 2004)

Ubuntu 4.10 Install (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.8 (Release 26 October 2004, end of life 26 April 2006)

Ubuntu 4.10 Live CD (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.8 (Release 26 October 2004, end of life 26 April 2006)

Fedora 3 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.9 (Release 8 November 2004, end of life 16 January 2006)

2005

Linux kernel 2.2.20 / 2.4.6 / 2.4.27 / 2.6.8 / 2.6.9 / 2.6.10 / 2.6.11 / 2.6.12

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

CentOS 4.0 CD2 CD3 CD4

sha256sum Linux 2.6.9 (Release 9 March 2005, end of life 29 February 2012)

Debian 3.0 r6 DVD Non-US

sha256sum System requirements:i386 Linux 2.2.20 + Linux 2.4.6 (Release 2 June 2005)

Ubuntu 5.04 Install (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.10 (Release 8 April 2005, end of life 8 October 2006)

Ubuntu 5.04 Live CD (CD)

sha256sum System requirements in i586 Linux 2.6.10 (Release 8 April 2005, end of life 8 October 2006)

Kubuntu 5.04 (DVD)

sha256sum System requirements:i586 Linux 2.6.10 (Release 8 April 2005, end of life 8 October 2006)

Mandriva 2005 Power Pack (DVD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.11 (Release 13 April 2005)

Debian 3.1 r0 CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 CD9 CD10 CD11 CD12 CD13 CD14

sha256sum System requirements i486 with 64MB memory Linux 2.4.27 + Linux 2.6.8 (Release 6 June 2005, end of life 30 March 2008)

Solaris 9 Update 8

(Solaris 9 9/05) (DVD)

sha256sum (Release 27 September 2005, end of life October 2014 with Oracle Extended Support)

Mandriva Free 2006.0 DVD2 DVD3

sha256sum System requirements i586 32MB Memory Linux 2.6.12 (Release 14 November 2005)

Mandriva One 2006.0 (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 with 32MB memory Linux 2.6.12 (Release 14 November 2005)

64 bit PC (AMD64) operating system

CentOS 4.0 CD2 CD3 CD4

sha256sum Linux 2.6.9 (Release 9 March 2005, end of life 29 February 2012)

Ubuntu 5.04 Install (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.10 (Release 8 April 2005, end of life 8 October 2006)

Ubuntu 5.04 Live CD (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.10 (Release 8 April 2005, end of life 8 October 2006

Kubuntu 5.04 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.10 (Release 8 April 2005, end of life 8 October 2006)

Mandriva 2005 Power Pack (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.11 (Release 13 April 2005)

2006

Linux kernel 2.4.33 / 2.6.15 / 2.6.17 / 2.6.18 / 2.6.19

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.15 (Release 1er June 2006, end of life 14 July 2009)

Ubuntu Server 6.06 LTS (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.15 (Release 1er June 2006, end of life 1 June 2011)

Kubuntu 6.06 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.15 (Release 1 June 2006, end of life 14 July 2009)

Slackware 11.0 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.4.33 + Linux 2.6.17 (Release 2 October 2006, end of life 1 August 2012)

Mandriva One KDE 2007

CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8

sha256sum System requirements i586 with 256MB Memory Linux 2.6.17 (Release 3 October 2006)

Mandriva One Gnome 2007

CD2 CD3 CD4 CD5 CD6 sha256sum System requirements i586 with 256MB memory Linux 2.6.17 (Release 3 October 2006)

Fedora 6 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.18 (Release 24 October 2006, end of life 7 December 2007)

Knoppix 5.1 (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.19 (Release 30 December 2006)

64 bit PC (AMD64) operating system

FreeBSD 6.1 (CD)

sha256sum (Release 8 May 2016)

Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.15 (Release 1 June 2006, end of life 14 July 2009)

Ubuntu Server 6.06 LTS (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.15 (Release 1 June 2006, end of life 1 June 2011)

Kubuntu 6.06 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.15 (Release 1 June 2006, end of life 14 July 2009)

Fast forward toDebian 6 in 2011

Mandrivaended andMageiastarted.

Debian started with both 32 bit and 64 bit versions.

2011

Linux kernel 2.6.32 / 2.6.38

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Debian 6.0.0(Release in 06, February 2011)

DVD 2 DVD 3 DVD 4 DVD 5 DVD 6 DVD 7 DVD 8

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.32 (Release 6 February 2011)

PC BSD 8.2 (DVD)

sha256sum Based on Free BSD 8.2 (Release 21 February 2011)

Mageia 1 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.38 (Release 1 June 2011, end of life 1 December 2012)

Doudou Linux 1.0 (CD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.32 (Release 15 June 2011)

Haiku (BeOS) R1/Alpha 3 (CD)

sha256sum (Release 18 June 2011)

CentOS 6.0 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.32 (Release 10 July 2011, end of life 30 November 2020)

Mandriva 2011 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.38 (Release 27 August 2011, end of life August 2014)

64 bit PC (AMD64) operating system

Debian 6.0.0

DVD 2 DVD 3 DVD 4 DVD 5 DVD 6 DVD 7 DVD 8

sha256sum System requirements i586 Linux 2.6.32 (Release 6 February 2011)

PC BSD 8.2 (DVD)

sha256sum Based on Free BSD 8.2 (Release 21 February 2011)

Mageia 1 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.38 (Release 1 June 2011, end of life 1 December 2012)

CentOS 6.0 DVD2

sha256sum Linux 2.6.32 (Release 10 July 2011, end of life 30 November 2020)

Mandriva 2011 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 2.6.38 (Release 27 August 2011, end of life August 2014)

Kernel Version 3 in 2012

Linux kernel 3.2 / 3.3 / 3.4

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Free BSD 9.0 (DVD)

sha256sum (Release 10 January, 2012, end of life 31 March, 2013)

Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i686 Linux 3.2 (Release 26 April 2012, end of life April 2017)

Ubuntu Server 12.04 LTS (CD)

sha256sum System requirements:i686 Linux 3.2 (Release 26 April 2012, end of life April 2017)

Kubuntu 12.04 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum System requirements i686 Linux 3.2 (Release 26 April, 2012, end of life April 2017)

Xubuntu 12.04.2 LTS (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i686 Linux 3.2 (Release 26 April 2012, end of life April 2017)

Lubuntu 12.04 LTS (CD)

sha256sum System requirements i686 Linux 3.2 (Release 26 April 2012, end of life April 2017)

Linux Mint 13 Cinnamon LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 3.2 (Release 23 May 2012, end of life April 2017)

Linux Mint 13 MATE LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 3.2 (Release 23 May 2012, end of life April 2017)

Fedora 17 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 3.3 (Release 29 May 2012, end of life 30 July 2013)

Fedora 17 live (CD)

sha256sum Linux 3.3 (Release 29 May, 2012, end of life 30 July 2013)

Knoppix 7.0.3 (CD)

sha256sum Linux 3.4 (Release 1 July, 2012)

Slackware 14.0 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 3.2 (Release 28 September 2012)

Haiku (BeOS) R1/Alpha 4.1 (CD)

sha256sum (Release 14 November 2012)

Debian 6  in 6 February 2011

Debian 7  in 05 May 2013

Debian 8  in 04 April in 2015

Debian 9  in 18 June 18, 2017

Kernel Version 4 in 2019

Debian 10 in  07 July, 2019

Linux kernel 4.18 / 4.19 / 5.1

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Mageia 7.0 (DVD)

sha256sum

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

Debian 10.0 live Xfce (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

Debian 10.0 live LXDE (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

Debian 10.0 live LXQt (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

64-bits PC (AMD64) operating system

Mageia 7.0 (DVD)

Debian 10.0 DVD 2 DVD 3

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

Debian 10.0 live Gnome (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

Debian 10.0 live Xfce (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

Debian 10.0 live LXDE (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

Debian 10.0 live LXQt (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 4.19 (Release 6 July 2019)

CentOS 8.0 (DVD)

Kernel 5 in 2019, July

Linux 5.1 (Release 1 July 2019, end of life 26 May 2021)

Debian 10.0 DVD 2 DVD 3

sha256sum Linux 5.1 (Release 1 July 2019, end of life 26 May 2021)

2020

Linux kernel 5.4 LTS / 5.6

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Haiku (BeOS) R1/beta 2 (DVD)

sha256sum (Release 9 June 2020)

64 bit PC (AMD64) operating system

Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.4 (Release 23 April 2020, end of life April 2025)

Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.4 (Release 23 April 2020, end of life April 2025)

Kubuntu 20.04 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.4 (Release 23 April 2020, end of life April 2025)

Xubuntu 20.04 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.4 (Release 23 April 2020, end of life April 2025)

Lubuntu 20.04 LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.4 (Release 23 April 2020, end of life April 2025)

Fedora Workstation 32 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.6 (Release 28 April 2020, end of life 2021)

Fedora Server 32 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.6 (Release 28 April 2020, end of life 2021)

Haiku (BeOS) R1/beta 2 (DVD)

sha256sum (Release 9 June 2020)

Linux Mint 20 Cinnamon LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.4 (Release 27 June 2020, end of life April 2025)

Linux Mint 20 MATE LTS (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.4 (Release 27 June 2020 April 2025)

2021

Debian 11, 14 August, 2021

Linux kernel 5.10 LTS

32 bit PC (Intel x86) operating system

Mageia 8 (DVD)

sha256sum Linux 5.10 (Release 28 February 2021, end of life 31 August 2022)

64 bit PC (AMD64) operating system

Mageia 8 (DVD) sha256sum Linux 5.10  (Release 28 February 2021, end 31 August 2022)

2023

Kernel  6 in July 2021

Debian 12 in 10 June, 2023

Kernel 6 in July 2021

Debian 12.6.0 amd64-KDE/Gnome 2024-06-30

Debian 12.5.0 amd64-KDE/Gnome 2024-02-11

Debian 12 Bookworm 2023-06-10

Debian 11 Bullseye2021-08-14

Debian 10        Buster2019-07-07

Debian 09Stretch2017-06-18

Debian 08Jessie2015-05-26

Debian 07Wheezy2013-05-05

Debian 06Squeeze2011-02-06

Debian 05Lenny2010-11-28

Debian 04Etch2010-05-26

Kernel 5 in July 2019

There is only One Debian Version Under Kernel 5

Debian 10Buster2019-07-07

Kernel   4  2017

There are  Three Debian Versions Under Kernel 4

DebianGNU/Linux9.0   2017-06-18

Debian GNU/Linux 8.0 2015-04-26

Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 2013-05-05

Kernel  3 in 2012

Debian Version 7Wheezy  2013-05-04

Kernel  2 in 1999

Debian Version 0.925-01-1994

Debian Version 1.1 Buzz17-06-1996

Debian Version 2.0 Hamm24-07-1998

Debian Version 3.0Woody2002-06-19

Debian Version 4.0   Etch2000-04-08

Debian Version 5.0 Lenny2009-02-14

Debian Version 6.0  Squeeze2011-02-06

Debian Version 7.0  Wheezy2013-05-04

Debian Version 8.0  Jessie2015-04-26

Debian Version 9.0  Stretch2017-06-17

Debian Version 10.0  Buster2019-07-06

Debian Version 11.0 Bullseye2021-08-14

Debian Version 12.0  Bookworm2023-06-10

We are in Kernel version 6 (Please do not confuse with Debian version) and it would go on until 2025.