Debian changed my outlook in life in computing.
E-Linux
Before that let me tell you that after two hours of searching, I managed to find find the first Linux Demo-CD which I have kept as a precious souvenir.
I could find it because I am very well organized even though my memory is failing, now.
It was very Live CD (Liuoris is one among a few) difficult to find one in early days.
The first book in print form in Linux came 20 years later.
That is the Joy of Linux.
Years later Linux Bible came in.
Mandraker 7.1 was one CD I used and went i went up to 10.1 (did not boot) and got strangely hitched to PCLinux (only in English and no other language capabilities) KDE (very well organized desktop environment).
It (Mandrake- it changed names due to litigation problems and is Mageia now) did not have books but Redhat produces a book from version 7.0.
But there was enormous e-documentation and that is the success of Linux.
I used to come to Narahenpita to meet a guy who had worked in Singapore who was selling CDs.
Apart from Metta Vihari with whom I could no connect really, this guy was the one who got me Linux CDs (no DVDs then).
I kept all these for my reference and for teaching purposes, if anybody requested me.
Having said that I collected images to create a server for images to dish out freely but could not due to big overhead on me.
But I gave up that idea since Linux penetration was very slow.
Years later www.distrowatch.com was formed and functioning very well now.
Below is a html page from a E-Book in Linux.
I get very silly questions from newbies but now have the patient to respond in kindness.
Remember Linux is sharing on an often slow Internet connection with Samba running.
Sharing Time
Sharing Knowledge
Sharing Resources
Sharing Space
Sharing in Person and in groups
So do not waste time of others for tutorials.
So before asking any question;
First organize yourself.
Read in depth of the topic one is trying
Before going into terminal and command line probing ask yourself what is the problem YOU try to solve?
Linux is developed on trillions of hours of community spirit.
Do not take it for granted but give respect to others.
See below each new user gives credit to the previous author.
That is how Linux penetrate the NASA and the entire world including talking dolls.
Try to use Linux before trying the command line prompting.
Administration
and
Privileged
Commands
intro
intro—Introduction
to administration and privileged commands.
DESCRIPTION
This
chapter describes commands that either can be or are only used by the
superuser, such as daemons and machine or hardware-related commands.
AUTHORS
Look
at the header of the manual page for the authors and copyright
conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page.
Linux,
24 July 1993
adduser, addgroup
adduser,
addgroup—Add a user or group to the system.
SYNOPSIS
adduser [--system [--home directory] [--group]] [--quiet]
[--force-badname] [--help] [--version] [--debug] username
adduser [--quiet] [--force-badname] [--help] [--version]
[--debug] username group
adduser [--group] [--quiet] [--force-badname] [--help]
[--version] [--debug] group
DESCRIPTION
adduser
and addgroup add users and groups to the system according to
information provided in the configuration file /etc/adduser.conf.
adduser and addgroup automatically determine the UID or GID and place
the entity in the password or group file as appropriate.
If
necessary, adduser creates a home directory for the new user, copies
"skeletal" user files to it from /etc/skel, and allows the
system administrator to set an initial password and finger
information for the user.
Because
it needs to be able to write to such files as /etc/passwd, adduser
can only be run as root.
Generally,
there are two types of users and groups on a system: those users that
log into the system and those "non-user" accounts and
groups that exist for various system tasks and projects. Henceforth,
user will refer to the login type and system user or group will refer
to the type used for system maintenance and projects.
By
default, each user in Debian GNU/Linux is given a corresponding group
with the same name and ID, allowing people easily to give access to
their home directories to others. This option can be turned off in
the configuration file, in which case each user is, by default, added
to a group called users.
Under
Debian GNU/Linux, IDs less than or equal to 100 are allocated by the
base system maintainer for various purposes. IDs from 101 to the
value specified in the configuration file (1000, by default) are used
for system users and groups. IDs greater than 1000 are reserved for
users and their corresponding groups.
When
invoked with a single name, adduser creates a user with that name.
When given two names, adduser assumes that the first name represents
an existing user and that the second name represents an existing
group. In this case, the user is added to the group.
OPTIONS
| --system | Create a system user. This user will be assigned the shell /bin/false and have an asterisk in the password field. Unless otherwise specified, the user will be placed in the group nogroup. Skeletal configuration files will not be copied into the user's home directory. |
| --home directory | When used with --system, this uses directory as the user's home directory, rather than the default specified in the configuration file. If the directory does not exist, it is created. |
| --group | When combined with —system, a group with the same name and ID as the system user is created. If not combined with --system, a group with the given name is created. This is the default action if the program is invoked as addgroup. |
| --quiet | Suppress progress messages. |
| --force-badname | By default, user and group names are required to consist of a lowercase letter followed by one or more lowercase letters or numbers. This option forces adduser or addgroup to be more lenient. |
| --help | Display brief instructions. |
| --version | Display version and copyright information. |
| --debug | Display a large quantity of debugging information. |
SEE
ALSO
adduser.conf(5)
COPYRIGHT
Copyright(c)
1995, Ted Hajek, with a great deal borrowed from the original Debian
adduser, copyright(c) 1994, Ian Murdock. adduser is free software;
see the GNU General Public License version two or later for copying
conditions. There is no warranty.
Debian
GNU/Linux version 1.94
agetty
agetty—Alternative
Linux getty.
SYNOPSIS
agetty [-ihL] [-l login_program] [-m] [-t timeout] port baud_rate,... [term]
agetty [-ihL] [-l login_program] [-m] [-t timeout] baud_rate,... port [term]
DESCRIPTION
agetty
opens a tty port, prompts for a login name, and invokes the
/bin/login command. It is usually invoked by init(8).
agetty
has several non-standard features that are useful for hard-wired and
for dial-in lines:
Adapts the tty settings to parity bits and to erase, kill, end-of-line, and uppercase characters when it reads a login name. The program can handle 7-bit characters with even, odd, none, or space parity and 8-bit characters with no parity. The following special characters are recognized: @ and Control+U (kill); #, Del and Backspace (erase); carriage return and line feed (end of line).
Optionally deduces the baud rate from the CONNECT messages produced by Hayes-compatible modems.
Optionally does not hang up when it is given an already opened line (useful for call-back applications).
Optionally does not display the contents of the /etc/issue file (System V only).
Optionally invokes a non-standard login program instead of /bin/login.
Optionally turns on hardware flow control.
Optionally forces the line to be local with no need for carrier detect.
This
program does not use the /etc/gettydefs (System V) or /etc/gettytab
(SunOS 4) files.
ARGUMENTS
| port | A path name relative to the /dev directory. If a _ is specified, agetty assumes that its standard input is already connected to a tty port and that a connection to a remote user has already been established. Under System V, a _ port argument should be preceded by a _. |
| baud rate,... | A comma-separated list of one or more baud rates. Each time agetty receives a break character, it advances through the list, which is treated as if it were circular. Baud rates should be specified in descending order, so that the null character (Ctrl+@) can also be used for baud rate switching. |
| term | The value to be used for the TERM environment variable. This overrides whatever init(8) may have set and is inherited by login and the shell. |
OPTIONS
| -h | Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control. It is left up to the application to disable software (XON/XOFF) flow protocol where appropriate. |
| -i | Do not display the contents of /etc/issue before writing the login prompt. Terminals or communications hardware might become confused when receiving lots of text at the wrong baud rate; dial-up scripts might fail if the login prompt is preceded by too much text. |
| -l login_program | Invoke the specified login program instead of /bin/login. This allows the use of a non-standard login program (for example, one that asks for a dial-up password or that uses a different password file). |
| -m | Try to extract the baud rate the connect status message
produced by some Hayes-compatible modems. These status messages
are of the form: " |
| Because the -m feature might fail on heavily loaded systems, you still should enable break processing by enumerating all expected baud rates on the command line. | |
| -t timeout | Terminate if no username could be read within timeout seconds. This option should probably not be used with hard-wired lines. |
| -L | Force the line to be a local line with no need for carrier detect. This can be useful when you have a locally attached terminal where the serial line does not set the carrier detect signal. |
EXAMPLES
This
section shows sample entries for the /etc/inittab file.
For
a hard-wired line:
tty1:con80x60:/sbin/agetty 9600 tty1
For
a dial-in line with a 9600/2400/1200 baud modem:
ttyS1:dumb:/sbin/agetty -mt60 ttyS1 9600,2400,1200
