This piece is in devlopment phase.
This am accountant given by John Haddock in 2018.
MIT
GE
Berkeley came in lately but was involved in BSD.
Denis went on sabbatical to Berkeley with his magnetic tape and there Unix became BSD and at AT &T it became Unix System 3,4 and 5.
Bell lab was interested in transistors, fiber optics and laser and not on operating system or applications.
Computers were considered not useful to Telephone Companies at that time.
It started in Bell's Lab in New Jersey.
The idea was to develop a Portable Operating System that ran on many platforms by Brian Thompson and Dennis Richie.
They used a cast-off PDP7 computer for their work.
There was no assembly language. They used machine language which was written on a paper tape on another computer and ported it to the PHP7.
Up till then, operating system were fixed to the hardware or the applications they ran.
In around 1983, Digital Equipment Company, IBM and HP saw Unix has commercial space outside academic environment.
However, they had to pay a hefty fee for the Source Code to AT & T and the serial number of the computer using the Source Code had to be given to them for scrutiny.
Later on Sun Micro Systems requested them to lower the fee by offering them the Binary Code and a request to wave off the serial number of the computer.
BSD had TCP / IP and ManPage Virtual Memory wherease AT&T had swapping protocol called UCCP which needed a modem. No direct Internet link.
A company called BSDI thought using BSD Unix would not violate the AT&T code and went into independent production. There was expensive litigation by AT & T on a BSDI company over copyright issue.
Aparnet came in 1969 and it was the forerunner of the Internet.
1984 Richard Stallman came in and objected to Source Code changing to Binary Code which he could not understand and use for his work. He objected to copyright tag and wanted the Software to be Free.
He started rewriting all the Unix code without proprietary tag.
He developed EMax and software languages and compilers for them.
They were platform independent.
He brought the concept of Free or Open Source software.
In 1995 he formed the Free Software Foundation which upsetted the Commercial Apple Cart.
In 1991 Linus Torvalds in Sweden wrote the Kernel so that the Free Software could be stitched into a proper Operating System.
Tim Bernalee was the one (30 years before 2019) who started the Internet in 1989.
John Haddock wrote his first program in 1959 on a Fridge sized computer with punched cards in Fortran.
He could write one program at a time.
That is the beginning.
FPGA
1.
2. Efficiency
3.
4.
5.
Field Programmable Gate Arrays
Reprogrammable IC
Efficiency
Scalable
Programable
Reconfigurabilty
Hardware acceleration
Prototyping
AI compativilty
Longevity and scalability
Flexibilty
Parallel Processing
Real Time Application
ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuits
Objectives.
They fixed at manufacturering level
Make the kernel small so the coding is free of errors.
Applications to be on User Space and any crashes when running does not affect the kernel.
